培根散文阅读助手

1 There be none of the affections which have been noted to fascinate or bewitch, but love and envy. 在各种情感中，唯有爱情与嫉妒最令人痴迷与蛊惑。修辞手法：开篇点题，使用"fascinate or bewitch"的并列结构强调嫉妒与爱情的魔力。语法：否定结构"none...but"突出强调

2 They both have vehement wishes; they frame themselves readily into imaginations and suggestions, and they come easily into the eye, especially upon the presence of the objects which are the points that conduce to fascination, if any such thing there be. 二者皆有强烈的愿望；它们易于形成想象与暗示，且容易显露于眼神，尤其当导致痴迷的对象出现时——如果真有此种事物存在。心理观察：培根分析嫉妒与爱情的共同特征。结构：平行句"they...they...they..."增强节奏感

3 We see, likewise, the Scripture calleth envy an evil eye; and the astrologers call the evil influences of the stars evil aspects; 我们同样看到，圣经称嫉妒为邪眼；占星家称星辰的恶影响为恶相位；文化引用：结合宗教与占星学传统，说明嫉妒的邪恶属性。词汇："evil eye"为西方文化中经典概念

4 so that still there seemeth to be acknowledged, in the act of envy, an ejaculation, or irradiation of the eye; 因此似乎公认，嫉妒行为中有一种眼神的投射或辐射；身体语言：培根注意到嫉妒通过眼神表达。词汇："ejaculation"此处指突然的投射

5 nay, some have been so curious as to note that the times, when the stroke or percussion of an envious eye doth most hurt, are, when the party envied is beheld in glory or triumph, for that sets an edge upon envy; 甚至有人细致地注意到，嫉妒之眼的打击最伤人之时，是被嫉妒者处于荣耀或胜利之际，因为这加剧了嫉妒；心理学洞察：嫉妒在他人成功时最强烈。隐喻："sets an edge upon"比喻加剧嫉妒如磨利刀刃

6 and besides, at such times, the spirits of the person envied do come forth most into the outward parts, and so meet the blow. 此外此时，被嫉妒者的精神最外露，故而迎受打击。生理学理论：沿用文艺复兴时期"spirits"（精气）理论解释心理现象

7 But, leaving these curiosities (though not unworthy to be thought on in fit place), we will handle what persons are apt to envy others; what persons are most subject to be envied themselves; and what is the difference between public and private envy. 但暂置这些奇谈（虽在适当时机值得思考），我们将探讨何人易嫉妒他人；何人易遭嫉妒；公私嫉妒之区别。结构过渡：培根明确本文三个讨论方向，承上启下。修辞：括号插入语保持论述严谨

8 A man that hath no virtue in himself, ever envieth virtue in others; 无德之人必嫉妒他人之德；人性观察：自卑产生嫉妒。结构：简短有力的格言式语句

9 for men’s minds will either feed upon their own good, or upon others’ evil; and who wanteth the one will prey upon the other; 因人心或以己之善为食，或以他人之恶为食；缺前者必掠食后者；隐喻：将心理活动比喻为"feed upon"（以...为食），形象生动

10 and whoso is out of hope to attain to another’s virtue, will seek to come at even hand by depressing another’s fortune. 凡无望获得他人之德者，必通过贬低他人命运来求取平衡。心理机制：揭示嫉妒者的补偿心理。短语："come at even hand"意指达到平衡

11 A man that is busy and inquisitive, is commonly envious; 好管闲事者通常善妒；性格分析：将好奇心与嫉妒心联系起来

12 for to know much of other men’s matters cannot be, because all that ado may concern his own estate; 因过多探听他人之事不可能出于关心自身利益；逻辑推理：培根用排除法论证好奇心的非功利性

13 therefore, it must needs be that he taketh a kind of play-pleasure in looking upon the fortunes of others; 故其必是从窥视他人命运中获得一种游戏般的乐趣；心理动机：揭示幸灾乐祸的心理。复合词："play-pleasure"体现培根造词能力

14 neither can he that mindeth but his own business find much matter for envy; for envy is a gadding passion, and walketh the streets, and doth not keep home: 专注己事者无暇嫉妒；因嫉妒是游荡的激情，流连街头，不安于室：拟人化：将嫉妒描绘为游荡者，生动形象。谚语风格：体现培根散文的警句特色

15 “Non est curiosus, quin idem sit malevolus.” "好管闲事者必心存恶意。" 拉丁引语：增强权威性。语法：双重否定"non...quin"表示强烈肯定

16 Men of noble birth are noted to be envious towards new men when they rise, for the distance is altered; 贵族常嫉妒新贵崛起，因距离改变；社会观察：阶级嫉妒心理。历史背景：文艺复兴时期新贵族崛起引发旧贵族不满

17 and it is like a deceit of the eye, that when others come on they think themselves go back. 这犹如视觉欺骗：他人前进时，自以为后退。视觉比喻：用光学错觉解释心理错觉。相对剥夺感：经典社会学概念的先声

18 Deformed persons and eunuchs, and old men and bastards, are envious; 残疾者、宦官、老人与私生子善妒；社会边缘群体：培根列举传统上被认为易嫉妒的人群

19 for he that cannot possibly mend his own case, will do what he can to impair another’s; 因无法改善自身处境者，必竭力损害他人；心理补偿：揭示嫉妒的破坏性动机。对立动词："mend"与"impair"形成鲜明对比

20 except these defects light upon a very brave and heroical nature, which thinketh to make his natural wants part of his honor; 除非这些缺陷落在英勇非凡之人身上，其视天生不足为荣誉的一部分；例外情况：培根承认有超越嫉妒的伟大性格。心理升华：缺陷转化为荣誉的积极心理机制

21 in that it should be said, “That a eunuch, or a lame man, did such great matters,” affecting the honor of a miracle; 正如人们会说："一个宦官或瘸子竟成就如此伟业"，追求奇迹般的荣誉；历史事例：暗示纳尔西斯、阿格西劳斯等身残志坚的历史人物。追求奇迹：揭示超越生理限制的心理动力

22 as it was in Narses the eunuch, and Agesilaus and Tamerlane, that were lame men. 如宦官纳尔西斯，瘸子阿格西劳斯和帖木儿。具体例证：纳尔西斯（拜占庭名将）、阿格西劳斯（斯巴达国王）、帖木儿（突厥征服者）

23 The same is the case of men that rise after calamities and misfortunes; 历经灾难而崛起者亦然；扩展分析：将生理缺陷与命运挫折归为同类心理机制

24 for they are as men fallen out with the times, and think other men’s harms a redemption of their own sufferings. 因他们如同与时代不合之人，视他人之害为自己苦难的补偿。心理机制：揭示苦难者通过他人受害获得心理平衡。词汇："redemption"原为宗教术语，此处世俗化使用

25 They that desire to excel in too many matters, out of levity and vainglory, are ever envious, 因轻浮虚荣而欲多方出众者常怀嫉妒，虚荣心理：揭示浮夸者的嫉妒根源。并列动机："levity and vainglory"指出双重弱点

26 for they cannot want work; it being impossible but many, in some one of those things, should surpass them; 因他们总有嫉妒之由；不可能无人能在某方面超越他们；逻辑必然：博而不精者必遇强手。结构：双重否定"cannot want"加强肯定语气

27 which was the character of Adrian the emperor, that mortally envied poets and painters, and artificers in works, wherein he had a vein to excel. 此即罗马皇帝哈德良之性格，他极度嫉妒诗人、画家与工匠在其自认擅长的领域。历史例证：哈德良皇帝以文化修养著称却嫉妒专业人士。短语："had a vein to excel"指自认为有天赋

28 Lastly, near kinsfolk and fellows in office, and those that have been bred together, are more apt to envy their equals when they are raised; 最后，近亲、同僚与一起成长者，更易嫉妒平辈高升；亲近关系：揭示熟人之间的嫉妒更强烈。社会比较理论：平等关系被打破时产生嫉妒

29 for it doth upbraid unto them their own fortunes, and pointeth at them, and cometh oftener into their remembrance, and incurreth likewise more into the note of others; 因这谴责他们的命运，指向他们，更常被忆起，也更引人注目；心理压力：熟人成功带来多重心理刺激。排比结构：四个动词短语强化冲击力

30 and envy ever redoubleth from speech and fame. 而嫉妒因言论与名声倍增。传播机制：培根注意到舆论放大嫉妒的社会现象。动词："redoubleth"强调嫉妒的自我强化

31 Cain’s envy was the more vile and malignant towards his brother Abel, because when his sacrifice was better accepted, there was nobody to look on. 该隐对亚伯的嫉妒更为恶毒，因他的祭品不被悦纳时无人目睹。圣经例证：引用人类第一个嫉妒案例。心理分析：无人见证的羞辱加剧嫉妒

32 Thus much for those that are apt to envy. 以上论易嫉妒者。结构过渡：结束第一部分，转向新主题

33 Concerning those that are more or less subject to envy: First, persons of eminent virtue, when they are advanced, are less envied, for their fortune seemeth but due unto them; 关于易遭嫉妒者：首先，德行卓越者高升时较少被妒，因其 fortune 似是应得；社会心理学：应得性减少嫉妒。关键词："due"强调合理性与正当性

34 and no man envieth the payment of a debt, but rewards and liberality rather. 无人嫉妒还债，只嫉妒奖赏与慷慨。精妙比喻：将应得回报比作还债，意外收获比作奖赏。对比清晰

35 Again, envy is ever joined with the comparing of a man’s self; and where there is no comparison, no envy; 再者，嫉妒总与自我比较相连；无比较则无嫉妒；核心定义：培根揭示嫉妒的社会比较本质。格言式表达

36 and therefore kings are not envied but by kings. 故国王只被其他国王嫉妒。极端例证：用国王说明只有地位相当者才会比较嫉妒

37 Nevertheless, it is to be noted, that unworthy persons are most envied at their first coming in, and afterwards overcome it better; 但需注意，庸人初登高位时最遭妒，其后较能克服；时间因素：嫉妒随时间变化。动态观察：培根注意到嫉妒的心理适应过程

38 whereas, contrariwise, persons of worth and merit are most envied when their fortune continueth long; for by that time, though their virtue be the same, yet it hath not the same lustre; for fresh men grow up that darken it. 相反，贤能之士长期得势时最遭妒；因届时其德虽存，光采已减；新人辈出使之黯然。对比分析：庸人与贤人的嫉妒时间模式相反。隐喻："darken"表示新人遮蔽前辈光芒

39 Persons of noble blood are less envied in their rising; for it seemeth but right done to their birth: 贵族高升时较少被妒；因这似是出身应得；社会规范：世袭特权被视为正当，减少嫉妒

40 besides, there seemeth not so much added to their fortune; 况且其 fortune 看似未增多少；相对性：贵族原本高位，晋升看似变化不大

41 and envy is as the sunbeams, that beat hotter upon a bank or steep rising ground, than upon a flat; 嫉妒如阳光，照射陡坡比平地更热；自然比喻：用光学原理解释心理现象。类比精巧

42 and, for the same reason, those that are advanced by degrees are less envied than those that are advanced suddenly, and per saltum. 同理，循序渐进者比突然越级晋升者较少被妒。晋升方式：渐进式晋升减少嫉妒。拉丁语："per saltum"意为"一跃而过"

43 Those that have joined with their honor great travels, cares, or perils, are less subject to envy; 荣誉伴随艰辛、忧虑或危险者较少遭妒；代价因素：可见的付出减少嫉妒。三重代价："travels, cares, or perils"

44 for men think that they earn their honors hardly, and pity them sometimes, and pity ever healeth envy. 因人们认为其荣誉得来不易，有时甚至同情，而同情总能治愈嫉妒。心理治疗：揭示同情对嫉妒的缓解作用。动词："healeth"将嫉妒比作疾病

45 Wherefore you shall observe, that the more deep and sober sort of politic persons, in their greatness, are ever bemoaning themselves what a life they lead, chanting a quanta patimur; 故可见，深沉严肃的政治人物得势时总哀叹生活艰辛，高唱"我等承受多少苦难"；政治策略：权贵故意夸大辛苦以减少嫉妒。拉丁引语："quanta patimur"（我们承受多少）增强表现力

46 not that they feel it so, but only to abate the edge of envy; 非真如此感受，只为钝化嫉妒之锋；真实动机：揭示表演性抱怨的策略性质。隐喻："abate the edge"延续刀刃比喻

47 but this is to be understood of business that is laid upon men, and not such as they call unto themselves; 但这指被赋予的职责，而非自招的事务；重要区分：被动承担与主动揽事的区别

48 for nothing increaseth envy more than an unnecessary and ambitious engrossing of business; 因无必要且野心勃勃地包揽事务最增嫉妒；权力警告：过度揽权引发嫉妒。动词："engrossing"形象表示独占

49 and nothing doth extinguish envy more than for a great person to preserve all other inferior officers in their full rights and preëminences of their places; 而显贵维护下属官员的全部权利与地位优越性最消嫉妒；管理智慧：尊重下属权利减少嫉妒。法律术语："rights and preëminences"强调法定权利

50 for, by that means, there be so many screens between him and envy. 因借此，他与嫉妒间设有多重屏障。屏障比喻：将下属比作抵挡嫉妒的屏风。政治艺术：培根分享权术经验

51 Above all, those are most subject to envy, which carry the greatness of their fortunes in an insolent and proud manner; 尤其那些傲慢炫耀其伟大 fortune 者最易遭妒；行为方式：傲慢态度加剧嫉妒。关键词："insolent and proud"描述招摇态度

52 being never well but while they are showing how great they are, either by outward pomp, or by triumphing over all opposition or competition. 他们唯有通过外在排场或压倒一切反对与竞争来显示其伟大时才舒畅。表现欲：揭示炫耀心理。两种方式："outward pomp"与"triumphing"对应物质与行为炫耀

53 Whereas wise men will rather do sacrifice to envy, in suffering themselves, sometimes of purpose, to be crossed and overborne in things that do not much concern them. 而智者宁向嫉妒献祭，有意在不重要事务上受挫与屈服。应对策略：主动示弱以安抚嫉妒。宗教隐喻："sacrifice to envy"将嫉妒拟神化

54 Notwithstanding, so much is true, that the carriage of greatness in a plain and open manner (so it be without arrogancy and vainglory), doth draw less envy than if it be in a more crafty and cunning fashion; 然则，以坦率开放的方式持身（只要不傲慢虚荣），确比较诡狡诈方式少招嫉妒；中庸之道：坦然比狡诈更能减少嫉妒。条件从句："so it be without"设定重要前提

55 for in that course a man doth but disavow fortune, and seemeth to be conscious of his own want in worth, and doth but teach others to envy him. 因后者实是否认 fortune，显得自知价值不足，并教唆他人嫉妒。心理分析：狡诈姿态暴露自卑并引发嫉妒。动词："disavow"（否认）、"teach"（教唆）强烈谴责

56 Lastly, to conclude this part, as we said in the beginning that the act of envy had somewhat in it of witchcraft, so there is no other cure of envy but the cure of witchcraft; 最后总结本部分，如开篇所言嫉妒行为带巫术性质，故治嫉妒唯有如治巫术；首尾呼应：回归巫术比喻完成论证循环。结构：用"as we said"呼应开头

57 and that is, to remove the lot (as they call it), and to lay it upon another; 即移转"符咒"（如其所称），置于他人；巫术疗法：用转移符咒的巫术方法类比政治转嫁策略

58 for which purpose, the wiser sort of great persons bring in ever upon the stage somebody upon whom to derive the envy that would come upon themselves; 为此，较明智的显贵总推出他人上台，转移本己身的嫉妒；政治策略：寻找替罪羊转移公众嫉妒。戏剧隐喻："bring in upon the stage"将政治比作舞台

59 sometimes upon ministers and servants, sometimes upon colleagues and associates, and the like; 有时转于大臣仆从，有时转于同僚伙伴，诸如此类；具体目标：列举常见的嫉妒转移对象

60 and, for that turn, there are never wanting some persons of violent and undertaking natures, who, so they may have power and business, will take it at any cost. 而为此，从不乏强横揽事者，只要获得权力与事务，不惜任何代价接受。人性弱点：揭示权力欲强者愿为权力承受嫉妒。短语："violent and undertaking natures"描述激进性格

61 Now, to speak of public envy: there is yet some good in public envy, whereas in private there is none; 今论公妒：公妒尚有某些益处，私妒则全无；主题转换：从私妒转向公妒。价值判断：区分公妒的潜在积极性

62 for public envy is as an ostracism, that eclipseth men when they grow too great; 因公妒如陶片放逐制，当人过于强大时予以压制；古典比喻：用雅典陶片放逐制比喻公妒的社会功能。动词："eclipseth"（遮蔽）延续光学隐喻

63 and therefore it is a bridle also to great ones, to keep them within bounds. 故亦是约束权贵使其守节的缰绳。政治功能：公妒作为制衡权力的机制。控制隐喻："bridle"（缰绳）表示约束

64 This envy, being in the Latin word invidia, goeth in the modern languages by the name of discontentment, of which we shall speak in handling sedition. 此种嫉妒，拉丁语称invidia，在现代语言中称为不满，论叛乱时将再述。词源学：从拉丁词源说明概念演变。主题预告：为后续文章埋下伏笔

65 It is a disease in a state like to infection; for as infection spreadeth upon that which is sound, and tainteth it, so, when envy is gotten once into a state, it traduceth even the best actions thereof, and turneth them into an ill odor; 公妒如国家之传染病；正如感染传播于健康者并污染之，一旦嫉妒入国，甚至诋毁最佳行为，使之恶名昭彰；疾病比喻：将公妒比作传染病。动词："traduceth"（诋毁）、"turneth into an ill odor"（使变臭）强烈生动

66 and therefore there is little won by intermingling of plausible actions; for that doth argue but a weakness and fear of envy, which hurteth so much the more, as it is likewise usual in infections, which, if you fear them, you call them upon you. 故掺入可喜行动获益甚微；因这只显示软弱与畏惧嫉妒，反而更伤，正如传染病中，愈惧则愈招。应对警告：畏惧嫉妒反而加剧问题。疾病类比延伸：恐惧吸引疾病如恐惧吸引嫉妒

67 This public envy seemeth to beat chiefly upon principal officers or ministers, rather than upon kings and estates themselves. 公妒似乎主要打击首要官员或大臣，而非国王与国家本身。政治目标：公妒通常针对具体执政者而非制度本身

68 But this is a sure rule, that if the envy upon the minister be great, when the cause of it in him is small; or if the envy be general in a manner upon all the ministers of an estate, then the envy (though hidden) is truly upon the state itself.

69 And so much of public envy or discontentment, and the difference thereof from private envy, which was handled in the first place.

70 We will add this in general, touching the affection of envy, that, of all other affections, it is the most importune and continual;

71 for of other affections there is occasion given but now and then;

72 and therefore it was well said, “Invidia festos dies non agit:”

73 for it is ever working upon some or other.

74 And it is also noted, that love and envy do make a man pine, which other affections do not, because they are not so continual.

75 It is also the vilest affection, and the most depraved; for which cause it is the proper attribute of the devil, who is called “The envious man, that soweth tares amongst the wheat by night;”

76 as it always cometh to pass that envy worketh subtilely, and in the dark, and to the prejudice of good things, such as is the wheat.

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